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Design Principles

Pedagogical principles are general guidelines intended to support the design of instruction and the development of activities that foster students’ deep learning across diverse contexts, particularly in complex and challenging settings (such as heterogeneous classrooms, out-of-classroom learning, and complex subject matter).

The Insights environment includes two types of pedagogical principles:


(a) pedagogical meta-principles (or simply “meta-principles”), which were formulated on the basis of learning theories and educational research; and

(b) pedagogical implementation principles (or simply “pedagogical principles”), which mediate between “stories of practice” emerging from the field and the meta-principles.

Similar to citizen science itself, knowledge regarding the ways citizen science can be implemented in schools resides both with practitioners and with researchers. Insights was designed to enable the development, refinement, and validation of the existing repository of pedagogical principles by the citizen science community that is evolving around the TCSS Center.

Support Peer Learning

Social activity structures Structure sequences across diverse social activity structures Learners as teachers Encourage students to take on teaching roles in peer learning Multimodal learning Support the use of diverse media and interaction types Peer feedback Engage learners in peer feedback and assessment Learner artifacts Support the use of student-generated artifacts for ongoing learning Productive talk Foster classroom norms for productive talk Leadership Foster leadership among learners through personal example Connecting with experts Connect between students, teachers and experts Scaffolding Scaffold complex inquiry and learning processes

Make Thinking Visible

Learners’ ideas Plan learning processes that build on learners’ ideas Data exploration Support data exploration through construction of visual representations Knowledge organization Support knowledge representation and organization Illustrate complexity Illustrate complex phenomena and ideas using visual representations Explore with simulations Support learners in exploring complex phenomena using models and simulations Explore through modeling Support learners in constructing models to make sense of complex phenomena Learning trajectory Make learning trajectories visible to learners Reflection Encourage reflection on learning processes

Make Science Accessible

Scientific practices Engage learners in scientific practices Scientific methods Engage learners with a range of scientific methods Relevance Connect scientific ideas to contexts relevant to learners Learning trajectory Make learning trajectories visible to learners Complex issues Engage learners with complex issues Cultural adaptation Adapt activities to learners’ cultural contexts Illustrate complexity Illustrate complex phenomena and ideas using visual representations Data exploration Support data exploration through construction of visual representations Knowledge organization Support knowledge representation and organization Explore with simulations Support learners in exploring complex phenomena using models and simulations Explore through modeling Support learners in constructing models to make sense of complex phenomena Learners’ ideas Plan learning processes that build on learners’ ideas Learning across spaces Plan learning trajectories across different types of spaces Interdisciplinarity Plan learning activities that integrate multiple disciplines Learning under uncertainty Support knowledge building and informed decision-making in uncertain conditions Scaffolding Scaffold complex inquiry and learning processes

Foster Independent Learning

Peer feedback Engage learners in peer feedback and assessment Scientific practices Engage learners in scientific practices Complex issues Engage learners with complex issues Scaffolding Scaffold complex inquiry and learning processes Knowledge organization Support knowledge representation and organization Reflection Encourage reflection on learning processes Choice Create meaningful opportunities for learner choice Leadership Foster leadership among learners through personal example Learning across spaces Plan learning trajectories across different types of spaces Civic engagement Encourage civic engagement Self-efficacy Foster self-efficacy among learners Cognitive flexibility Foster cognitive flexibility and adaptive learning Learning trajectory Make learning trajectories visible to learners Learning under uncertainty Support knowledge building and informed decision-making in uncertain conditions טיפוח דפוס חשיבה מתפתח Foster a growth mindset

Foster Social-Emotional Learning

Self-efficacy Foster self-efficacy among learners Cognitive flexibility Foster cognitive flexibility and adaptive learning Empathy Foster empathy through engagement with diverse perspectives
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